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Moreover, the anticancer activities of both complexes against breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) and lung cancer cells (A-549) were evaluated using sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay (SRB assay). The derivative ratio method was utilized to eliminate the interference caused by the overlapped host spectra. The stoichiometry and binding constants were detected employing Job’s plot (continuous variation method) and HPLC. The formed complexes have been characterized by UV–vis spectrophotometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy.

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Experimental and theoretical studies of the host–guest complexation between PS4 or PS6 and carboplatin in aqueous media were conducted for potential cancer therapy applications. This work investigates the complexation between either PS4 or PS6 and carboplatin in aqueous media for potential use in cancer therapy. Owing to their π-rich cavities, para-sulfonato-calixarenes in aqueous media were used to accommodate active guest molecules. However, they may cause minimal systemic toxicity in vivo at doses up to 10 4 μg/Kg. More importantly, they are biocompatible and non-toxic to human cells as they show no in vitro hemolysis at doses up to 5 × 10 3 μM.

(16,21,22) Para-sulfonato-calixarenes exhibited remarkable water solubility (>0.1 mol/L). The water solubility of CXs is improved by adding some functional groups, such as carboxylates and sulfonates, at the para-position of their phenolic units. Thus, they are excellent host molecules for various therapeutically active guest molecules. CXs have a unique structure that comprises an upper rim with a para-substituent of a phenolic ring, a lower rim with a phenolic hydroxyl group, and a hydrophobic π electron-rich core cavity.

CXs ( n = 4, 6, and 8) are cone-shaped cyclic oligomers composed of phenol units connected by methylene bridges. (17)ĬXs, in specific, have attracted much attention as significant host molecules that have been used in many fields of supramolecular chemistry.

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(20) Another study reported reducing oxaliplatin’s toxic effects and enhancing its anticancer activity against leukemia cancer cells (L1210FR) upon its host–guest complexation with CB7 at significantly lower concentrations than the free drug. (16−20) For instance, the host–guest complexation between cisplatin and cucurbituril (CB7) stabilized through four hydrogen bonds reduced systemic adverse effects and overcame cancer cell resistance by modifying the pharmacokinetic profile of cisplatin in the blood circulation. (16−20) Host–guest complexation between PBDs and host supramolecular systems might reduce systemic side effects and resistance and improve the complex’s anticancer activity compared to the free drug. (16) The host–guest complexation could also improve the selective delivery of chemotherapeutics to cancer cells, resulting in improved anticancer activities with minimal toxic systemic effects. Some previous studies reported the possible use of supramolecular host molecules as promising carriers for PBDs to enhance their water solubility, chemical stability, and bioavailability. The in vitro anticancer study revealed that both complexes exhibited stronger anticancer activities against breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) and lung cancer cells (A-549) compared to free carboplatin, preluding to their potential use in cancer therapy.

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UV–vis findings and atoms in molecules analysis showed that hydrogen bond interactions stabilize the host–guest complexes without the full inclusion in the host cavity. The interaction free energy depends on the different inclusion modes of carboplatin in the host cavities. The stability constants of the formed complexes were estimated to be 5.3 × 10 4 M –1 and 9.8 × 10 4 M –1, which correspond to free energy of complexation of −6.40 and −6.81 kcal mol –1, in the case of PS4 and PS6, respectively.

The experimental and the computational studies suggest the formation of 1:1 complexes between carboplatin and each of PS4 and PS6. In this work, guest–host complexes of carboplatin, a second-generation platinum-based anticancer drug, and p-4-sulfocalixarenes ( n = 4 and 6 PS4 and PS6, respectively) were prepared and studied using 1H NMR, UV, Job’s plot analysis, HPLC, and density-functional theory calculations.

Supramolecular systems (macromolecules), such as calixarenes (SCn), cyclodextrins (CDs), and cucurbiturils (CBs), are promising vehicles for anticancer drugs.